首页

三个互补的要素

关灯 护眼    字体:

上一章 章节列表 下一页



简而言之,19世纪的捕鲸业至少可以在三个主要方面与现代风投业相比较。首先,捕鲸是一个典型的偏态分布的生意,依靠高利润但低概率的收益事件维持。为了寻找难以捉摸的鲸群,航行常常持续数年,覆盖广阔的地理区域。就像风投业依赖于极小部分投资的极端回报,利润的长尾分布对于捕鲸航行的资助人来说有着同样的吸引力。尽管历史上的黄金勘探和石油开采等其他行业都以长尾产出为特征,但没有哪个行业能像捕鲸业那样,在组织和收益分配这些方面与风投业如此接近。

其次,捕鲸的组织结构以作为中介的经纪人为中心。就像风投公司的普通合伙人一样,他们把供给端的有限合伙人所提供的风险资本分配给需求端的投资组合公司。热衷于投资捕鲸航行的富人们并不具备脱离经纪人的知识或能力。相反,为保证捕鲸航行成功而必须协调的各种活动的特殊组合需要专业人士,而拥有这一领域专业知识的经纪人可以通过组织费和股权的形式获得可观的回报。当经纪人进行事前的尽职调查、管理航行并通过反复的交易与船长和船员建立紧密关系时,他们建立了经得起时间考验的优势。技能型人力资本的回报可能是巨大的。

最后,捕鲸业充满了潜在的代理冲突——投资者和经纪人之间、经纪人和船长之间、船长和船员之间。同样,风投业也存在着大量的道德风险问题和信息缺口,风投家以中介的身份帮助缓解了这些问题。美国的捕鲸探险证明了有一种方法可以切实地管理这种风险。合伙制结构确保的所有权集中抑制了“搭便车”行为,因此避免了像那些所有权分散的公司为了监督经纪人所做的日常决策是否符合所有者的最佳利益而付出的高昂成本。分成支付系统也发挥了它的作用,使船主、船长和船员的动机一致,这样决策的权力就可以被下放到更低的层级,这对于需要频繁做出判断的远洋捕鲸航行来说是绝对必要的。

收益的长尾分布,以经纪人为中心的组织结构,以及激励机制,捕鲸的这三个要素在其影响方面是相辅相成的。由于它们之间的相互作用,生产力提高了,进而保证美国的捕鲸船在某种程度上主导了一个全球产业,就像今天美国的风投公司主导了基于风投的创业一样。


Tom Nicholas and Jonas Peter Akins, “Whaling Ventures,” HBS no. 813-086 (Boston: arvard Business School Publishing, 2012).

W. J. Snelling, The Polar Regions of the Western Continent Explored; Embracing a Geograph ical Account of Iceland, Greenland, the Islands of the Frozen Sea, and the Northern Parts of the American Continent (Boston: Printed for W. W. Reed, 1831), 77.

C. W. Sanger, “The Origins of British Whaling: Pre-1750 English and Scottish Involvement in the Northern Whale Fishery,” Northern Mariner 5, no. 3 (1995): 15–32.

Lance E. Davis, Robert E. Gallman, and Karin Gleiter, In Pursuit of L iathan: Technoogy, Institutions, Productivity, and Profits in American Whaling, 1816–1906, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 19.

Jennifer Herman, Massachusetts Encyclopedia (Hamburg, MI: State History Publications, 2008), 310.

Davis, Gallman, and Gleiter, In Pursuit of Leviathan, 513–522.

1英尺≈ 0.305米。——编者注

1英里≈ 1.609千米。——编者注

Thomas Nickerson, and others, The Loss of the Ship Essex, Sunk by a Whale: First Person Accounts (New York: Penguin, 2000).

William R. Kerr, Ramana Nanda, and Matthew Rhodes- Kropf, “Entrepreneurship as Experimentation,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 28, no. 3 (2014): 25–48, 31.

“Account Books and Other Material Relating to the Whaling Industry, Chiefly from New Bedford and Nantucket, 1774–1922,” Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Mss 252.

Davis, Gallman, and Gleiter, In Pursuit of Leviathan, 425.

Preqin gets its data largely from l imited partners like public pension funds that make public disclosures. Other sources include voluntary disclosures from VC firms and SEC filings. Some funds, however, are clearly not captured because VC firms typically impose reporting restrictions on their perfor mance .

The voyage is the unit of analy sis in the whaling data set and the fund is the unit of analy sis in the VC data. The VC net IRR represents t

上一章 章节列表 下一页